Blue transgenic fluorescent ornamental fish

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to transgenic blue ornamental fish, as well as methods of making such fish by in vitro fertilization techniques. Also disclosed are methods of establishing a population of such transgenic fish and methods of providing them to the ornamental fish industry for the purpose of marketing.

CROSS-REFERENCE OF RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/933,031, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/076,839 filed on Nov. 7, 2014, the entire contents of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference without disclaimer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to transgenic fish, particularly blue transgenic fish.

2. Description of Related Art

Transgenic technology involves the transfer of a foreign gene into a host organism enabling the host to acquire a new and inheritable trait. Transgenic technology has many potential applications. For example, it can be used to introduce a transgene into a fish in order to create new varieties of fish. There are many ways of introducing a foreign gene into fish, including: microinjection (e.g., Zhu et al., 1985; Du et al., 1992), electroporation (Powers et al., 1992), sperm-mediated gene transfer (Khoo et al., 1992; Sin et al., 1993), gene bombardment or gene gun (Zelenin et al., 1991), liposome-mediated gene transfer (Szelei et al., 1994), and the direct injection of DNA into muscle tissue (Xu et al., 1999). The first transgenic fish report was published by Zhu et al., (1985) using a chimeric gene construct consisting of a mouse metallothionein gene promoter and a human growth hormone gene. Most of the early transgenic fish studies have concentrated on growth hormone gene transfer with an aim of generating fast growing fish. While a majority of early attempts used heterologous growth hormone genes and promoters and failed to produce these fish (e.g. Chourrout et al., 1986; Penman et al., 1990; Brem et al., 1988; Gross et al., 1992), enhanced growth of transgenic fish has been demonstrated in several fish species including Atlantic salmon, several species of Pacific salmons, and loach (e.g. Du et al., 1992; Delvin et al., 1994, 1995; Tsai et al., 1995).

The black skirt tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) has been commercially cultured in the United States at least as early as 1950 (Innes, 1950). However, for the ornamental fish industry the dark striped pigmentation of the adult black skirt tetra does not aid in the efficient display of the various colors. The albino black skirt tetra, or “white tetra” is a variant that arose during domestication and shows decreased pigmentation. The availability of such fish having modified pigmentation for transgenesis with fluorescent proteins would result in better products for the ornamental fish industry due to better visualization of the various colors.

Many fluorescent proteins are known in the art and have been used to investigate various cellular processes, including fluorescent proteins exhibiting various green, red, pink, yellow, orange, blue, or purple colors. Although transgenic experiments involving fluorescent proteins have provided new markers and reporters for transgenesis, progress in the field of developing and producing ornamental fish that express such proteins has been limited.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In certain embodiments, the present invention concerns making transgenic fluorescent fish and providing such fish to the ornamental fish industry.

In some embodiments, transgenic fish or methods of making transgenic fish are provided. In certain aspects, the transgenic fish are fertile, transgenic, fluorescent fish. In a particular embodiment, the fish for use with the disclosed constructs and methods is the white tetra. Tetra skin color is determined by pigment cells in their skin, which contain pigment granules called melanosomes (black or brown color), xanthosomes (yellow color), erythrosomes (orange or red color), or iridosomes (iridescent colors, including white color). The number, size, and density of the pigment granules per pigment cell influence the color of the fish skin. White tetra have diminished number, size, and density of melanosomes and hence have lighter skin when compared to the wild type black skirt tetra.

In certain specific embodiments there are provided transgenic tetra or progeny thereof comprising specific transgenic integration events, referred to herein as transformation events. These fish are of particular interest because, for example, they embody an aesthetically pleasing blue color. Transgenic fish comprising these specific transgenic events may be homozygous or heterozygous (including, for example, hemizygous) for the transformation event. Homozygous fish bred with fish lacking a transformation event will in nearly all cases produce 100% heterozygous offspring. Eggs, sperm, and embryos comprising these specific transgenic events are also included as part of the invention.

In one such embodiment regarding a specific transgenic integration event, a blue transgenic tetra or progeny thereof is provided comprising chromosomally integrated transgenes, wherein the tetra comprises the “Blue tetra 1 transformation event,” sperm comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation event having been deposited as ECACC accession no. 14103001. The chromosomally integrated transgenes may be present on one integrated expression cassette or two or more integrated expression cassettes. In certain aspects, such a transgenic tetra is a fertile, transgenic tetra. In more specific aspects, such a tetra is a transgenic White tetra. Such a transgenic tetra may be homozygous or heterozygous (including, for example, hemizygous) for the transgenes or integrated expression cassette(s).

Also disclosed are methods of providing a transgenic tetra comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation event to the ornamental fish market. In some embodiments, the method comprises obtaining a transgenic tetra or progeny thereof comprising chromosomally integrated transgenes, wherein the tetra comprises the “Blue tetra 1 transformation event,” sperm comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation event having been deposited as ECACC accession no. 14103001, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market. Such fish may be distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor, or such fish may be distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer such as, for example, a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.

In some aspects, methods of producing a transgenic tetra are provided comprising: (a) obtaining a tetra that exhibits fluorescence and comprises one or more chromosomally integrated transgenes or expression cassettes, wherein the tetra comprises the “Blue tetra 1 transformation event,” sperm comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation event having been deposited as ECACC accession no. 14103001; and (b) breeding the obtained tetra with a second tetra to provide a transgenic tetra comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation event. The second tetra may be a transgenic or non-transgenic tetra.

In further embodiments, also provided are methods of producing a transgenic organism, the method comprising using sperm comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation, such sperm having been deposited as ECACC accession no. 14103001, to produce transgenic offspring. Such offspring may be, for example, a tetra, a species of the Gymnocorymbus genus, a fish species or genus related to tetra, or another fish species or genus. In some aspects, the fish may be produced using in vitro fertilization techniques known in the art or described herein.

As used in this specification, “a” or “an” may mean one or more. As used herein in the claim(s), when used in conjunction with the word “comprising,” the words “a” or “an” may mean one or more than one.

The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.” As used herein “another” may mean at least a second or more.

Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects.

Any embodiment of any of the present methods, kits, and compositions may consist of or consist essentially of—rather than comprise/include/contain/have—the described features and/or steps. Thus, in any of the claims, the term “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” may be substituted for any of the open-ended linking verbs recited above, in order to change the scope of a given claim from what it would otherwise be using the open-ended linking verb.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Transgenic Fish

In some aspects, the invention regards transgenic fish. Methods of making transgenic fish are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,135,613; 7,700,825; 7,834,239, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

It is preferred that fish belonging to species and varieties of fish of commercial value, particularly commercial value within the ornamental fish industry, be used. Such fish include but are not limited to catfish, zebrafish and other danios, medaka, carp, tilapia, goldfish, tetras, barbs, sharks (family cyprinidae), angelfish, loach, koi, glassfish, catfish, discus, eel, tetra, goby, gourami, guppy, Xiphophorus, hatchet fish, Molly fish, or pangasius. A particular fish for use in the context of the invention is a tetra, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi. Tetra are increasingly popular ornamental animals and would be of added commercial value in various colors. Tetra embryos are easily accessible and nearly transparent. A fish that is of particular use with the disclosed constructs and methods is the White Tetra. Tetra skin color is determined by pigment cells in the skin, which contain pigment granules called melanosomes. The number, size, and density of the melanosomes per pigment cell influence the color of the fish skin. White Tetra have diminished number, size, and density of melanosomes and hence have lighter skin when compared to the wild type tetra.

Fertilization from Frozen Sperm

Fish sperm freezing methods are well-known in the art; see, e.g., Walker and Streisinger (1983) and Draper and Moens (2007), both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. To obtain the transgenic fish disclosed herein, frozen tetra sperm may be used to fertilize eggs.

Briefly, one or two breeding pairs of tetra should be placed in a shoebox with an artificial spawning mat. The water level in the shoebox should be ˜2-3 inches and kept at 75-85° F. Low salinity (conductivity 100-200 uS/cm) and slight acidity (˜pH 6.9) promote spawning. The fish may be exposed to a natural or artificial light cycle; the photoperiod starts at 8 am and ends at 10 pm. The following morning, remove and discard the eggs. Tetra may be anesthetized by immersion in tricaine solution at 16 mg/100 mL water. After gill movement has slowed, remove one female, rinse it in water, and gently blot the belly damp-dry with a paper towel. The eggs should not be exposed to water as this will prevent fertilization. Gently squeeze out the eggs onto a slightly concave surface by applying light pressure to the sides of the abdomen with a thumb and index finger and sliding the fingers to the genital pore. Ready to spawn females will release the eggs extremely easily, and care should be taken not to squeeze the eggs out while blotting the fish. Good eggs are yellowish and translucent; eggs that have remained in the female too long appear white and opaque. The females will release the eggs only for an hour or so. Eggs from several females may be pooled; the eggs can be kept unfertilized for several minutes. The sperm is thawed at 33° C. in a water bath for 18-20 seconds. 70 μl room temperature Hanks solution is added to the vial and mixed. The sperm is then immediately added to the eggs and gently mixed. The sperm and eggs are activated by adding 750 μl of fish water and mixing. The mixture is incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. The dish is then filled with fish water and incubated at 28° C. After 2-3 hours, fertile embryos are transferred to small dishes where they are further cultured.

Parichy and Johnson, 2001, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, provides additional examples regarding in vitro fertilization.

The invention further encompasses progeny of a transgenic fish containing the Blue tetra 1 transformation event, as well as such transgenic fish derived from a transgenic fish egg, sperm cell, embryo, or other cell containing a genomically integrated transgenic construct. “Progeny,” as the term is used herein, can result from breeding two transgenic fish of the invention, or from breeding a first transgenic fish of the invention to a second fish that is not a transgenic fish of the invention. In the latter case, the second fish can, for example, be a wild-type fish, a specialized strain of fish, a mutant fish, or another transgenic fish. The hybrid progeny of these matings have the benefits of the transgene for fluorescence combined with the benefits derived from these other lineages.

The simplest way to identify fish containing the Blue tetra 1 transformation event is by visual inspection, as the fish in question would be blue colored and immediately distinguishable from non-transgenic fish.

EXAMPLES

Certain embodiments of the invention are further described with reference to the following examples. These examples are intended to be merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit or restrict the scope of the present invention in any way and should not be construed as providing conditions, parameters, reagents, or starting materials that must be utilized exclusively in order to practice the art of the present invention.

Example 1 Blue Transgenic Tetra

Transgenic fish exhibiting a blue color are provided. The specific transgenic events embodied in these fish are designated the “Blue tetra 1 transformation event”. Sperm from these fish may be used to fertilize tetra eggs and thereby breed transgenic tetra that comprise these specific transgenic integration events. Sperm from this line was deposited at the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), Public Health England, CRYOSTORES, Bld. 17, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 OJG, United Kingdom, under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty as “Blue tetra 1” (the deposit was designated as accession no. 14103001).

The fluorescent transgenic fish have use as ornamental fish in the market. Stably expressing transgenic lines can be developed by breeding a transgenic individual with a wild-type fish, mutant fish, or another transgenic fish. The desired transgenic fish can be distinguished from non-transgenic fish by observing the fish in white light, sunlight, ultraviolet light, blue light, or any other useful lighting condition that allows visualization of the blue color of the transgenic fish.

The fluorescent transgenic fish should also be valuable in the market for scientific research tools because they can be used for embryonic studies such as tracing cell lineage and cell migration. Additionally, these fish can be used to mark cells in genetic mosaic experiments and in fish cancer models.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

REFERENCES

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,613 -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,700,825 -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,834,239 -   Brem et al., Aquaculture, 68:209-219, 1988. -   Chourrout et al., Aquaculture, 51:143-150, 1986. -   Delvin et al., Nature, 371:209-210, 1994. -   Draper and Moens, In: The Zebrafish Book, 5th Ed.; Eugene,     University of Oregon Press, 2007. -   Du et al., Bio/Technology, 10:176-181, 1992. -   Innes, W. T., Exotic Aquarium Fishes: A work of general reference,     Innes Publishing Company, Philadelphia, 1950. -   Gross et al., Aquaculature, 103:253-273, 1992. -   Khoo et al., Aquaculture, 107:1-19, 1992. -   Lamason et al., Science, 310(5755):1782-1786, 2005. -   Penman et al., Aquaculture, 85:35-50, 1990. -   Powers et al., Mol. Marine Biol. Biotechnol., 1:301-308, 1992. -   Sin et al., Aquaculture, 117:57-69, 1993. -   Szelei et al., Transgenic Res., 3:116-119, 1994. -   Tsai et al., Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., 52:776-787, 1995. -   Walker and Streisinger, Genetics 103: 125-136, 1983. -   Xu et al., DNA Cell Biol., 18, 85-95, 1999. -   Zelenin et al., FEBS Lett., 287(1-2):118-120, 1991. -   Zhu et al., Z. Angew. Ichthyol., 1:31-34, 1985. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A transgenic tetra comprising a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the tetra comprises the “Blue tetra 1 transformation event,” sperm comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation event having been deposited as ECACC accession no.
 14103001. 2. The transgenic tetra of claim 1, wherein the fish is homozygous for the integrated expression cassette.
 3. A method of providing a transgenic tetra to the ornamental fish market, comprising obtaining a transgenic tetra in accordance with claim 1, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the retailer is a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.
 7. A method of producing a transgenic tetra comprising: (a) obtaining a tetra that comprises a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the tetra comprises the “Blue tetra 1 transformation event,” sperm comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation event having been deposited as ECACC accession no. 14103001; and (b) breeding the obtained tetra with a second tetra to provide a transgenic tetra comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation event.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second tetra is a non-transgenic tetra.
 9. A progeny of a transgenic tetra of claim 1 that comprises a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the tetra and progeny exhibit fluorescence and comprise the “Blue tetra 1 transformation event,” sperm comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation event having been deposited as ECACC accession no.
 14103001. 10. The progeny fish of claim 9, wherein the fish is homozygous for the integrated expression cassette.
 11. A method of providing a transgenic fish to the ornamental fish market, comprising obtaining a progeny fish in accordance with claim 9, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the retailer is a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.
 15. A method of producing a transgenic fish comprising: (a) obtaining a transgenic fish in accordance with claim 9; and (b) breeding the obtained fish with a second fish to provide a transgenic fish comprising the Blue tetra 1 transformation event.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the second fish is a non-transgenic fish. 